Distribution of Wealth

Since days of yore, there is a disturbing imbalance existing among men. It is unexpected how riches is disseminated with evident disparities, coming about to a staggering measure of cash obtained by a few while others stay in the pits of neediness. Maybe some would see the ownership of billions of dollars as ethically unsatisfactory, while others would see this as a characteristic outcome of human instinct. It is very disturbing how outrageous ways of life is tormenting our general public and impedes our fundamental capacity as individuals. In any case, this has been the issue since the primary presence of man. Also, maybe this only a characteristic inclination, and that the real nature administering humankind is that there is a law of equity.Individual needs is fundamentally thought to decide his asset securing. Or then again at any rate, it would fill in as a benchmark or a standard with respect to how he would lead a conventional sort of living. In this way scholars and individual s when all is said in done have characterized that the necessities of society would be the essential built up factor for equity and riches appropriation. Are men made equivalent in this manner ought not secure more than his neighbor? Or then again are men characteristically inconsistent, being that others are better than the ones next than them?Some ask, â€Å"Is it right that a few people have obtained billions of dollars through professional interactions while others live in incredible poverty?† Two prestigious rationalists have shared their perspectives on how the dissemination of riches ought to be. John Locked stated, â€Å"God gave the world to men in common.† He accepted that the accessible property in nature has become the limitation inside which man sets his work and ways of life. It is his conviction that each man has his own entitlement to work, to claim, to expend, and not to be transgressed.â He further expounded, â€Å"Which measure confined each man ’s ownership to a moderate extent, and, for example, he may suitable to himself without injury to anyone, in the main age of the world† (Hutchins 1952, p. 1047).Locke talked about this standard of property, which is â€Å"that each man ought to have as much as possible make use of† without both dispensing injury towards others and condemning them. It really was very perfect and it worked effectively in past occasions, when there most social orders advance opportunity and free undertaking. Locke felt that this world could give enough land to every single person who wishes to assemble a home and that everything that the world holds would have been sufficient for individuals to endure had it not been for the innovation of cash. Along these lines, individuals have gotten involved by their desire of getting more riches, riches as enduring wares with extraordinary excess.There ought to have been sufficient assets for everybody to live on, yet these assets appear to be scant for most. The world is given to men and in this manner each has an equivalent right to everything the earth could offer. How much a man works would decide the amount he wins. His work would compare his riches securing as his ability to expend is directed by his capacity to deliver. In the event that one has over the top measures of riches, at that point this involves there is squander. What's more, this waste is an infringement of nature’s laws. On account of cash, man has gotten ready to aggregate riches through time, sparing legacy and working for additional to pass on. Since cash isn't transient by time, man just continues having a greater amount of it with no potential cutoff points. Cash permits riches collection without causing injury towards others (Hutchins 1952, p. 1047).Rousseau then again, accepts that there is a discriminatory securing of riches and that men are made inconsistent. He accepts that it isn't cash itself that isâ the reason for the presence of imbalance of humanity, however the property itself. He even idea of the principal man who has made a walled in area to a real estate parcel and asserted it his that caused others to trust him is really the genuine author of common society. As it has gotten an option to build up responsibility for property, this riches amassed causes one to need more to and grow what he as of now owns.Others will in general overlook the neediness that encompasses them, and when inquired as to whether they pay heed on these, as saw by Rousseau, they attempt to not mind as it would influence their inclinations of claiming more. They need to shield their assets from the dangers of being assaulted or taken. Humanity has built up a common law that they propose is with the end goal of security for everybody, yet in all actuality they just start this as to make sure about their responsibility for and power.This rather results to the infringement of the privileges of poor people, as it just abridges their op portunity to improve their ways of life. It really chains poor people and just makes the rich significantly wealthier. This thus lead to the annihilation of normal freedom, it just fixed the law of property and disparity, and transformed offense into a right, just for the benefit of the couple of (Hutchins 1952, p. 1048). When others’ are hurt, man is in this manner given the â€Å"right to rebuff the wrongdoer, and be killer of the law of nature† as proposed by Locke.Rousseau accepted that it is in opposition to nature that solitary a couple ought to be favored to have a broad measure of riches while others, a huge number of others, are in critical need of the essential necessities of life. This is the reason he recommended that there ought to be a legislature that would fix this and permit each and everybody to be furnished with the base needs that they have. A â€Å"government ought to forestall outrageous imbalances of fortunes† not by coercively taking a ma n’s ownership from him,â but rather keep him from amassing it. It is a greater amount of keeping the individuals from getting poor or excessively rich (Hutchins 1952, p. 1048).It is in reality a reality that every individual ought to have an equivalent access to whatever asset they need. They ought to be given equivalent chances to endure and to lead a specific way of life fitting them. Cause I accept that there is without a doubt disparity and imbalance among humankind. Both Locke and Rousseau introduced solid postulation on the subject of riches obtaining. Theirs are very corresponding somewhat as they share that each man has a privilege of property. Each confirmed that the issue of neediness isn't a difficult that could be effortlessly settled, nor would there truly be an answer for it, when the privilege of property is conceded. The privilege of property is supposed to be holy and is an essential right of citizenship to a nation, yet there is a serious trouble in making sure about the property of people without assaulting it on another.I accept that it is genuine neediness is an inescapable result of property, as war is an unavoidable outcome of power, and in neither one of the cases can the reason be annulled. Both suggested that men ought to be equivalent, and men ought to forestall, as declared by Hegel himself. Men should feel that they are equivalent, as to forestall offense against one another. In any case, in all actuality everybody is made unique, and these distinctions involve that there are disparities in capacities and aptitudes among man. In any case, it doesn't imply that one has a more noteworthy significance than the other, they are essentially different.But their disparities specifically territories imply that it tends to be as riches. Men in general are equivalent, yet specifically perspectives, they are most certainly not. Also, that is reality that the universe holds. I accept that Rousseau’s proposition of an administrati on defending the interests of its residents by forestalling mass riches securing or broad asset shortage is perfect. Be that as it may, this is as promising as it is nearly impossible.Because similarly as socialism fizzled, people have this common propensity to exceed the other, and that the narrow-mindedness inside would rule the need to place things in their legitimate spots. The individuals who might authorize these proposition are themselves men and in this manner untrustworthy, making the whole theory too unreasonable in for the human setting.If Locke was posed the given inquiry, he would state that it having riches in spite of the destitution of others is improper however in fact moral. Since cash has legitimized riches amassing as it permits one to get more extravagant without causing another individual to get more unfortunate. Anyway it is corrupt, as men are made equivalent and should all have enough assets essential for them to have conventional existences. Men are not res ponsible to his neighbor except if he violates the other’s rights. He just responses to himself in this way he has the privilege to turn into whatever he satisfies inside the limits of not making hurt others.If Rousseau responds to a similar inquiry, he would state that it is unquestionably shameless, anyway a typical event, and must be forestalled definitely. This is the reason he suggested that an administration ought to forestall outrageous finishes in the public eye. This is an incredible dream of many, as all have needed a general public that exists in regard. That there ought to be a general public with its part with no source or reason of desire, or rivalry, since everybody ought to have enough. Be that as it may, in all actuality, man knows no limits and doesn't need enough. Man needs to have abundant of everything, and this is the significant wellspring of the considerable number of contentions in our present reality and for the entirety of history. In times when he himself is compromised of his assets, his life or other material riches, he would not instinctually act in agreement for the benefit of all yet to benefit himself alone. Furthermore, whenever allowed to approach comforts that the world brings to the table, he would take it.The focal issue that plagues humankind is the presence of cash or property or any structure material belonging. Maybe it is shameless as in it makes divergence and it doubts what moral commitment does an individual have. For without a doubt, how might one rest around evening time in their elevated beds while others

Emergence of China as a Global Trading Power Essay

Development of China as a Global Trading Power - Essay Example At the point when the most recent practical development and improvement of new rising nations is talked about, two nations' names rise up out of no place. These are India and China. The development in the exchange part of these two nations is shockingly huge. In the event that this is somewhat because of improvement in the region of science and innovation, there is much likewise that goes for various changes, changes, and redefinition of exchange approaches and universal exchange relations. In addition, there is much on the credit of Chinese particular social and the executives rehearses which makes this nation a one of a kind contextual investigation (Menkhoff and Gerke, pp. 87-89, 2002). The current paper takes a gander at the issue of the improvement of China in the business universe of the ongoing occasions; China is prone to request a solid voice in the WTO because of its significant job in present day exchange activities (Kennedy, p. 75, 2002). The paper, subsequently, embraces broad research to explore the foundations for the improvement of China in exchange systems. The paper expressly presents the quantity of hypotheses of exchange which have at any rate any connect to the current development of China in overall exchange. Toward the finish of the paper, the examination investigations the information subjectively and makes proposals and suggestion in the light of the reasons for exchange development of China. These proposals and suggestions are intended to add to the current writing of exchange speculations and improvement; just as, they center to add to a more extensive comprehension of Chinese development. They are likewise intended to center those nations which may need to follow China for the practical development. Exchange Theories Reviewed Various scholars have worked out various hypotheses of exchange to adapt up to the difficulties of exchange. These scholars have posed such inquiries as can help exchange to be progressively productive, more sped up, increasingly amazing, etc. This segment audits significant exchange speculations request to hold up under a preparation which is, as indicated by the perspective of the current essayist, important to appreciate China's development in the ongoing situation of exchange. Traditional business analyst appear to have safeguarded the Mercantilists' view that the fare of a nation ought to be put to however much increment as could reasonably be expected; then again, the imports of that nation ought to be put to however much diminish as could be expected. As per Grimwade (2000), it was clearly conceivable just for one nation since one nation's fare surplus is another nation's import shortage which makes import and fare both an essential capacity of over outskirt exchange (p. 30). Another complaint was made to Mercantilism was that dumping enormous stores of gold doesn't make a nation wealthier in light of the fact that gold doesn't give the residents to merchandise which could fulfill their needs (p. 30). Accordingly, this pattern met a passing because of its lose-lose theory of exchange. Next is the similar preferred position. As per this hypothesis (by Smith), contrasts in costs as the bases for business are distinguished. To this Grimwade

Urgent and Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs

Urgent and Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print When to Call Your Psychiatrist or Go to the ER for Emergent Symptoms By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 10, 2020 JGI / Jamie Grill / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment As you continue toward stability, there may be times when you need to urgently call your psychiatrist to set up an extra appointment or even go to the emergency room, but how do you know when? Symptoms and Situations That Warrant a Call to Your Psychiatrist or ER Visit Lets explore the symptoms and situations that may warrant either calling your psychiatrist or a trip to the emergency room and how to also help loved ones in this situation. Medications Familiarize yourself with the toxicity and overdose symptoms of any medications you are taking. If any of these symptoms develop, call your psychiatrist immediately. In addition, if medication side effects become intolerable or interfere with your everyday activities, contact your psychiatrist right away. Psychiatric Symptoms For those with bipolar disorder, its important to see your psychiatrist right away if you are experiencing an acute bipolar episode, whether thats manic, depressive, or an episode with mixed features. Other urgent situations, according to a 2008 study in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry include: SuicidalityAggressionLegal difficultiesFunctional disabilityWork dysfunction and problemsMarriage problems Of course, this list is not inconclusive of everything. If you develop any new, worrisome symptoms or personal concerns, please contact your psychiatrist. Seek Immediate Medical Attention If you are thinking of suicide or self-harm, seek immediate medical attention by going to the emergency room or calling 911. Its important to know about a well recognized, excellent resource called the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  which can be reached at 1-800-273-TALK. Establish a Plan With Your Psychiatrist Most psychiatrists have preferences regarding when to set up an appointment, when to have them emergently paged, or when to go directly to an emergency room. Discuss these policies with your doctor at your first appointment. Know Yourself Get to know your warning signsâ€"your personal red flags for an impending mood swing. Request a meeting with your psychiatrist as soon as possible if any develop. How to Recognize Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms in Loved Ones If a friend or a loved one has bipolar disorder, together you can outline a plan now about how to handle emergency and crisis situations. While the psychiatrist of a friend or loved one cannot disclose information to you, you most certainly can contact the psychiatrist to express concern and seek advice for handling a difficult situation. If you suspect your loved one has any sort of mental health issue, please try to intervene and help them. According to the American Psychological Association, these are the signs of an emotional crisis: Neglecting person hygiene (e.g. not showering)Sleeping way less or more than usualSignificant weight gain or lossDecline in performance at work or at schoolSignificant change in mood, like feeling more irritable, angry, anxious, or sadWithdrawing from usual activities or tasks and relationships Other worrisome symptoms include paranoia or if your loved one is experiencing visual or auditory hallucinationsâ€"seeing or hearing things others do not. This list is not inclusive, though, so follow your gut if you are concerned a loved one is in need of psychiatric help. If your loved one needs help finding a mental health professional, its a good idea to persuade your loved one to talk with her primary care physician. Likewise, a persons workplace may be helpful if they have an employee assistance program, called EAP.

Urgent and Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs

Urgent and Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print When to Call Your Psychiatrist or Go to the ER for Emergent Symptoms By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 10, 2020 JGI / Jamie Grill / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment As you continue toward stability, there may be times when you need to urgently call your psychiatrist to set up an extra appointment or even go to the emergency room, but how do you know when? Symptoms and Situations That Warrant a Call to Your Psychiatrist or ER Visit Lets explore the symptoms and situations that may warrant either calling your psychiatrist or a trip to the emergency room and how to also help loved ones in this situation. Medications Familiarize yourself with the toxicity and overdose symptoms of any medications you are taking. If any of these symptoms develop, call your psychiatrist immediately. In addition, if medication side effects become intolerable or interfere with your everyday activities, contact your psychiatrist right away. Psychiatric Symptoms For those with bipolar disorder, its important to see your psychiatrist right away if you are experiencing an acute bipolar episode, whether thats manic, depressive, or an episode with mixed features. Other urgent situations, according to a 2008 study in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry include: SuicidalityAggressionLegal difficultiesFunctional disabilityWork dysfunction and problemsMarriage problems Of course, this list is not inconclusive of everything. If you develop any new, worrisome symptoms or personal concerns, please contact your psychiatrist. Seek Immediate Medical Attention If you are thinking of suicide or self-harm, seek immediate medical attention by going to the emergency room or calling 911. Its important to know about a well recognized, excellent resource called the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  which can be reached at 1-800-273-TALK. Establish a Plan With Your Psychiatrist Most psychiatrists have preferences regarding when to set up an appointment, when to have them emergently paged, or when to go directly to an emergency room. Discuss these policies with your doctor at your first appointment. Know Yourself Get to know your warning signsâ€"your personal red flags for an impending mood swing. Request a meeting with your psychiatrist as soon as possible if any develop. How to Recognize Emergent Psychiatric Symptoms in Loved Ones If a friend or a loved one has bipolar disorder, together you can outline a plan now about how to handle emergency and crisis situations. While the psychiatrist of a friend or loved one cannot disclose information to you, you most certainly can contact the psychiatrist to express concern and seek advice for handling a difficult situation. If you suspect your loved one has any sort of mental health issue, please try to intervene and help them. According to the American Psychological Association, these are the signs of an emotional crisis: Neglecting person hygiene (e.g. not showering)Sleeping way less or more than usualSignificant weight gain or lossDecline in performance at work or at schoolSignificant change in mood, like feeling more irritable, angry, anxious, or sadWithdrawing from usual activities or tasks and relationships Other worrisome symptoms include paranoia or if your loved one is experiencing visual or auditory hallucinationsâ€"seeing or hearing things others do not. This list is not inclusive, though, so follow your gut if you are concerned a loved one is in need of psychiatric help. If your loved one needs help finding a mental health professional, its a good idea to persuade your loved one to talk with her primary care physician. Likewise, a persons workplace may be helpful if they have an employee assistance program, called EAP.

Infanticide Cross Cultural Analysis of the Causes of...

Infanticide is not unique to humans. It is practiced by many mammals including some primates. The main difference between human and animal infanticide is that infanticide in humans is performed by the parent(s) of the child while in the case of animals it is usually a male suitor (Caldwell and Caldwell, 2005, p. 208). In pre-modern societies infanticide was done instead of abortions as it allowed for sexual selection, it was much more effective than pre-modern contraception, and it did not require any special skills or esoteric knowledge (Caldwell and Caldwell,2005, p. 205). Infanticide has a history as a method of population control. It is more frequent to throw away girl babies. This may be because of dowries or other cultural reasons.†¦show more content†¦101). In one study by DOrban, it was shown that 26% of 89 infanticide cases involved mental illness. (Porter and Gavin, 2010, p. 101). Other reasons for infanticide include an unwanted infant, revenge against the father , and financial reasons. Culture is a foremost determinant of resource availability which has a direct effect on infanticide numbers. Cultural factors play a role in isolation and lack of kin support, relationship difficulties and a lack of paternal support and a lack of resources (Kunst and Reed, 1999, p. 154). Infanticide is higher when women do not have economic resources or the support of the father. Evolutionary theories propose that when resources are limited, the parents and other children are more likely to survive without the newborn infant. A young mother has potential to replace this infant at more economically convenient time (Friedman et al, 2012, p. 591). A common reason given for infanticide in Bolivia is that there is not enough land or that the mother has too many children (C. de Hilari et al, 2009, p. 356). Studies have shown women who kill their newborns are usually under 25, immature, unmarried and often uninvolved with the father, and either unemployed or in sch ool (Porter Gavin, 2010, p. 100). The burden of an infant may be too much when the woman does not have financial support or financial independence. In cultures where womenShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights7292 Words   |  30 PagesHuman Values, Value Education Towards Personal Development Aim of education and value education; Evolution of value oriented education; Concept of Human values; types of values; Components of value education. Personal Development : Self analysis and introspection; sensitization towards gender equality, physically challenged, intellectually challenged. Respect to - age, experience, maturity, family members, neighbours, co-workers. 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Gender Based Violence And Gender Inequality Essay

Introduction In recent years, in the United States, the nation’s view towards Middle Eastern women has been altered due to their involvement in domestic and global terrorism. In addition, news of Middle Eastern women being mistreated by men and societal circumstances because of gender has arisen. In other words, Middle Eastern women are subjected to gender-based violence and gender inequality as a result of their sex. In Anne Meneley’s Tournament of Values: Sociability and Hierarchy in a Yemeni Town, Meneley briefly touches upon gender-based violence and gender inequality, but focuses more on how hierarchy plays a role in the way sociability is developed in Zabid, a Yemeni town. When I read Anne Meneley’s Tournament of Values, I learned that in Zabid, women play a pivotal role in building relations, the economy, domestics, and fashion. Active can be defined as an act of physical engagement. 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Leadership and Communication How Each Generation...

Leadership and Communication A leader’s age and generation plays a significant role in the way they communicate. When different generations come together they bring with them their own worldviews and expectations. An effective leader is able to step out of their generational preferences and customize the way they communicate to the other generations. By effectively addressing and taking advantage of those unique generational differences they can bridge the generations together to create a collaborative, innovative and exciting work environment resulting in a highly productive and performing workforce. Generation Communication The way a leader communicates is dependent upon their generation â€Å"Research indicates that people communicate based†¦show more content†¦For these reasons, people who grow up during the same era tend to be exposed to many of the same stimuli from the surrounding culture through the news, media, music, and other cultural factor†. (Warner Sandberg, 2010 p. 2). A leader who understands the generational differences can effectively communicate to them for example â€Å"Traditionals† (born 1925 to 1945) like to communicate through face-to-face contact, formal social events, as well as direct mail and by telephone. Many use e-mail but this is not the best way to communicate with them. â€Å"BabyBoomers† (born 1945 to 1963) like to have face to face, group meetings, telephone and email. Many use cell phones but not for texting. â€Å"Generation X† (born1964 to 1983) they prefer immediate communication through e-mail, cell phone, text, blogging and i nstant messaging and they prefer less of the face to face meetings, and finally â€Å"Generation Y† (born 1984 to2000) is the first generation to grow up with the internet—they do not remember a time when it did not exist. This generation is technology dependent because of this and they prefer to be communicated through text, social media, and instant message. They use e-mail but usually only for work. 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Throughout the context of this paper I will explore the generational differences, and describe the characteristics of my generation with regard to leadership and communication styles. I will also describe how technology and the information age play a role in how leaders communicate. Finally, I will identify basic communication skills that are needed and used in generational leadership. DoRead MoreThe Generational Differences Between Firefighters1455 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences facing the fire service today and what tools can we employ to navigate these differences? It’s the first time in American history that five generations are sharing the workplace, from Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, the Millennials or Generation Y, and the new unnamed generation. With five generations come five sets of ideas, how to conduct one’s self, approach activities, values and motivators. 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These interactions can consist of transmitting communication through messages, pictures via email or text messages. For most humans it comes natural to interact through communication and shared symbols. Leaders can face barriers of communication, but finding new methods or tools thatRead MoreCommunication Across Generations652 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication Across Generations Communication is the giving and receiving of information between people. Communication can be verbal, non-verbal, written, and can even be conveyed through body language. Information in the form of a thought, idea or feeling is put into words by the sender and sent to the receiver, who receives the message and interprets it in a way that can be understood. This communication is only effective when the receiver of this information interprets the message the way theRead MoreThe Generational Shift in Communication Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesI believe that one’s age and generation do not affect their leadership style nearly as much as there life experience, motivation, and knowledge. A leader can be successful at any age, if they are willing and eager to constantly adapt their communication styles to accommodate their followers’ needs. However, within each generation there are different values and management styles and if an individual resists adapting to newer meth ods and neglects to embrace change they will not be a successful leaderRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Leadership And Generational Lines974 Words   |  4 PagesPERSONAL APPROACH TO LEADERSHIP 2 Personal Approach to Leadership across Cultural and Generational Lines The world seems to be getting smaller, and a harmonized place of work seems to be something of the yesteryears. Instead, current leaders are required to deal with a diversity of employees across generational in addition to cultural lines, respectively with their personal values, work ethic, as well as desires. TheRead MoreCommunication Challenges in Leadership Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that age/generation do influence, contribute and decidedly impact how a leader communicates. Obviously, a good leader will learn how to transcend those influences but they are still a part of who he is and how he relates/communicates with his team. During a conversation with my uncle who has made his fortune in coaching and consulting with companies, he used the sender-receiver model discussed in the Module 6 reading (Lussier Achua, 2010, par. 4) to illustrate how communication can be affectedRead MoreCommunication in the Information Age Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: COMMUNICATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE Communication in the Information Age ORG 300 – Applying Leadership Principles Colorado State University – Global Campus Howard Major June 6, 2013 1 COMMUNICATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE 2 Communication in the Information Age Leaders are people, and people are different. We may all do one thing differently and come to the same conclusion, thus the intended result is the important point. A leader will be considered a leader based

Application For An Accounting Officer Job †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Application For An Accounting Officer Job. Answer: I am writing this to express my enthusiasm for the accounting officer position as advertised on careers.com. My obligations incorporate the improvement and administration of the accounting work, the publication schedule, and the day by day content accounting and transparency. I have a degree in accounting, which I have learnt in the university for four years. I have worked before in intimately with human services experts and medicinal services to enable them give the ideal data to a customer gathering, people and patients. Likewise, I helped doctors figure out how to use their therapeutic substance to compose their work easily and to understand, promptly intelligible content. I am a very honest person who gives trustworthy information. I am very flexibility in any kind of work, very reliable in my work, gives integrity in all my work and be a leader in my work place.I am a very principled individual who buckles down and focuses on detail of every work that comes my way. I adapt very fast in new environment to get new aptitudes and anxious to gain from others. Likewise, I have heaps of thoughts and energy, which makes me do what it takes to handle every work with ease. Having had a degree in accounting, I trust it will set me up for this position. I have done a lot of free research in this area, numerous activity conducted in this area, self-inspiration and an extensive variety of abilities. For one to be fully experienced it is important to undertake these activities and for the comprehension of the industry which is very fundamental. While undertaking my different activities and volunteer I discovered this is one of the extremely animating courses. With enough experience, it has proved to me how to construct solid associations with all other offices in many associations. In your organization, I will manage to work inside the group or outside the group. I will work with accounting specialists to regulate dedicated matters and execute particular promotions, work with the improvement division to actualize outline and practical upgrades, give transparent figures that are not biased and direct to what is exactly in the books of accounting. Will ensure your firm goes high in ranking as the best accounting firm in the region. Other than, in accounting career, I have had broad excursion of work involvement in different offices with all kinds of departments, for instance marketing department and advertising department. I trust I could fit effortlessly into your group bearing in mind I could work with all kind of people. On the off chance, which may mean that you lack any openings right now for the job, I will be appreciative in the occasion when you would retain my application on hold for any forthcoming possible job that may arise. I believe am a swift person with incredible expertize in accountant, with a very sharp eye in everything I handle and I trust I shall be exceptionally grateful for the chance to advance and showcase accounting as my career in your organization. I am ready anytime to start on this job for this particular position as quickly as you ask, and have that readiness and assertion to guarantee that I make an achievement of it. Thank you as you go through my application and provide a positive feedback. A press release A company by the name Duel that manufactures TVs had some issues with its products. Having had a poor product release, it caused a bad reputation for a company that had to rectify that through the public. The received a lot of feedback for the faulty product. Most of the customers complained and brought back the product. The customers said that the product did not last long. Again, the product had poor quality images when displaying. Survey showed that where there is potential and awful reputation inside the business and does what one can to determine issues before they turn into an issue. For instance, by returning low quality items to a provider, presenting stricter wellbeing and security strategies or managing troubled staff (Jorge, Frascara, 60) The problem originated from poor working personnel who made the product very poor. Poor training of employees brought this about. They did not consider training the customers first before letting them into the manufactory. For the company to recover from this, it has to do the following: It should be set up to state This does not add up to an affirmation of blame but rather will show that one consider the obligations important. It can likewise defuse a circumstance before it escapes on hand. Knowing about the incredible speed at which data spreads, particularly by means of long-range informal communication locales, and make fast move to counter awful news (Paul, 30). This would enhance your technique by looking to different organizations who have effectively dealt with a comparable emergency. Keeping individuals educated. Remaining noiseless about one circumstance is not probably going to help anyone, so keep your representatives, clients and providers up and coming. This will profit everybody by clearing up any misguided judgments about your company's situation (Kumu, 20). Neutralize mistakes. For instance, in the event that you know about a Twitter battle against you, 'tweet' your rendition of the story. Contact editors if off base data is distributed, and utilize one particular site and web-based social networking nearness to disperse misinterpretations. 'No remarks' infers you are concealing something. Assign a representative and guarantee the majority of your staff realizes that they should guide media enquiries to that individual. This ought to be some person who can remain quiet even with weight and potentially clumsy inquiries (Jamieson, 57). Offer a composed explanation if it is proper. Ask what due dates writers face and attempt in any event to offer a holding proclamation until the point that a more full clarification is prepared. Comprehend the media's requirement for a story. You might have the capacity to divert awful attention by pointing out a greater story somewhere else. You could likewise balance terrible attention by pointing out, for instance, what number of fulfilled clients you have. Consider employing a PR firm. Because of genuine catastrophe for an instance a flawed item that could be perilous, a representative claim, or even a casualty - you may require proficient offer assistance. At the point when the tidy has settled, audit all occurrences and consider ways you could have acted distinctively which would have prompted a superior result (Kenneth, Louis, 40) Reconstruct your company's notoriety by creating great PR For instance, through supporting philanthropy or advancing positive news stories. Fabricate relations with writers, so if there is a 'next time' they will have some earlier comprehension of you and your business. References Kenneth Louis Smith (2015). Handbook of visual communication: theory, methods, and media. p.123. Jorge Frascara (2014). Communication design: principles, methods, and practice. p.68 Jamieson, G. H. (2007). Visual Communication: More Than Meets the Eye. Bristol: Intellect Books, pg. 978-1-84150-141-3. p.16. Kenneth Louis Smith (2015). Handbook of visual communication: theory, methods, and media. Routledge. p. 12-17 Paul Martin Lester (2009). Visual Communication: Images with Messages. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Berengueres, Jose (2015). Sketch Thinking. Barcelona: Stokes Hamilton. Rothwell, J. Dan (2010). In the company of others : an introduction to communication (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533630-6. Kumu, Ka (2012). "Using Visual Aids Effectively". University of Hawai'i Maui Community College Speech Department.

To Kill a Mockingbird Assignment Theme of Prejudice Essay Example For Students

To Kill a Mockingbird Assignment Theme of Prejudice Essay Prejudice, the word, can be split up into two other words for a greater understanding of what the question is actually asking, i. e. pre- and -judge. To pre-judge someone is to be prejudiced In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, prejudice is portrayed to the reader in different ways in order to send across a message or an idea the author has. As well as being able to understand meanings behind the novel, Harper Lee has included prejudice so that the reader is able to understand the historical details in the book, for example; the effects of the civil war (1861-1865) upon the USA and the effects towards black people. We will write a custom essay on To Kill a Mockingbird Assignment Theme of Prejudice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Harper Lee may also use prejudice to give people a feeling of reality, so the readers feel as if they were present at the time period the book was written in. The author could also be telling us that the whole concept of prejudice, is everywhere in society, whether it is in the time period when the novel was written or today. The way in which Harper Lee gets her messages through to the readers is by giving examples of extreme prejudice throughout the entire novel. One example of prejudice that Harper Lee included in the novel did include racism towards coloured people, but it was prejudice against whole groups of people. There were big divisions of peoples social status in Maycomb. For example Aunt Alexandra was constantly making remarks about how high class the Finch family was. Groups that were victims of prejudice included the Cunninghams and the Ewell families. Aunt Alexandra didnt used to let Scout play with Walter Cunningham as he was poor, was a farmer and was low class. From the remarks Aunt Alexandra makes in the novel about the Cunningham family the reader can pick up the narrow-mindedness of the some of characters in the novel, and that in the time period the book was set, people just could not accept the fact that there were oloured people, people of different social status, and people who were just different in the sense they were not a stereotype of a Maycomb citizen, which characters like Aunt Alexandra show. However the Cunninghams were never as bad as what the Ewell family was depicted as. They were white trash and they were very poorly educated. By using the words white trash, Harper Lee has manipulated the reader into thinking that the Ewell family was so low in the social circle that they didnt deserve to be called people. They were referred to as animals to show how low they really were. The character development of these two families as made Harper Lee show that not only coloured people can be attacked by prejudice, you could be a different social or economic status and could be treated differently. Although people were seen as being prejudiced against groups, individuals were also targeted. One key example of an individual is Boo Radley. Most of the town is prejudiced against Boo as he doesnt follow the crowd and is not often seen doing things that other people of Maycomb do. Rumours and gossip portray Boo as a malignant and illusive character and children (being gullible as they are) believe the rumours, whether the gossip is true or not. They believe that food from the Radley garden is poisonous and run past his house from fear. By adding characters like Boo Radley into the novel Harper Lee shows us that only a few people in Maycomb accept Boo for what he really is, and respect him. I also think that here, the author is trying to speculate how judgmental and narrow minded, not only children, but adults can be by calling him different. When the residents of Maycomb call someone different, the reader is lead to think that the different character just does not think or act like the other citizens of Maycomb, and therefore they are goals for prejudice. .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .postImageUrl , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:hover , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:visited , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:active { border:0!important; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:active , .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0 .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud48b3ddfee4e39dabb05eb50000952d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: As I Lay Dying EssayHarper Lee also suggests to the reader, to be judgmental of a character of Boo Radleys nature is expected of not only residents in Maycomb, but in general it is human nature. Even though a fair majority of the Maycomb residents are severely prejudice, there are a few people who look beneath the surface of different individuals and groups. For example, Atticus. Even though Atticus does make comments about being common this character is presented in the novel to be wise understanding of most situations. He does not judge anyone by their race, religion, views or anything else that makes them different. He oes not seem to be in favour the racist attitudes in Maycomb and sees them be like a disease. From understanding the context the word is used in, Harper Lee proposes to the reader that the prejudice in Maycomb spreads from one character to another. Miss Maudie also has some non- prejudiced views by saying that she is proud of those people in this town who say that fair play is not marked white only. This quotation tells the reader that the character of Miss Maudie was trying to say that she likes and is proud of the thought that black and white people would be able to use the same things, as well as being allowed to be round one another. Eventually, nearer to the end of the novel Jem and Scout show their maturity and open mindedness, which is evidently shown by making some anti-racist remarks. I think that by adding only a few characters with non-prejudiced views Harper Lee is able to discuss with the reader on a subconscience level, that even though there is a majority who are always judgmental, there always be some people who can see people for what they really are, no matter what makes them different. One of the most important examples of a type of prejudice shown in the novel is acism. The entire town of Maycomb, with a few exceptions are racist. They see black people as inferior beings and treat them similarly. Mrs Dubose, a resident of Maycomb shows her racist views by making a remark about Atticus when she said to the children that their father was no better than the niggers and trash he works for. From saying this, Mrs Dubose is not only saying that black people should be treated like trash and not as human beings, but she is also saying, the fact that Atticus has something to do with a black person, that he is also as low as a black person. Compared to Mrs Dubose, Atticus seems to accept people for who they are, whereas Mrs Dubose just seems to add to my theory of the stereotypical characters of Maycomb being judgmental. Harper Lee also makes the reader realise something about Atticuss children. We know from the reaction of Jem towards the comments Mrs Dubose made, that Atticuss children have been influenced by Atticuss wise and open -minded views. In part two of the novel, racism is quite evidently shown by the jury when Tom Robinson is on trial. Atticus knew that although he was going to defend Tom Robinson to the best of his bilities, he would not be able to succeed due to the prejudice the town showed against coloured people. Harper Lee included aspects like the reaction of Mrs Dubose towards Atticus working for a black man to show how extreme peoples views were back in the beginning half of the 20th century, therefore she is able to show the reader what it could have been like if they were a person of different race. But as well as racism in Maycomb, there was prejudice against others who were just simply different. Overall, Harper Lee is trying to show the reader the reality of life, in the time period he novel was set. .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .postImageUrl , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:hover , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:visited , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:active { border:0!important; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:active , .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02 .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14bf4e5be38c40085fdf6c596a535a02:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violent blasts EssayBut one thing that I think Harper Lee was also trying to put across to the reader that reactions like this can take place anywhere there is a negative reaction to something different. She did this by adding prejudice in the first place, but also discussing it with the reader by using example of different people and then seeing reactions of the narrow- minded residents in Maycomb. I think that Harper Lee was trying to discuss the theme of prejudice by making it obvious to the reader how easily it can occur and how wrong it can be- ending up taking the lives of innocent people.

The David essays

The David essays You may be wondering who is David? Or what is the David? Within the next few pages I will be answering your questions like : Who is David? Or what is the David? His importance in history? When was the David sculpted? Why was the David sculpted? And finally a comparison between other Davids, like Vercchios David and Donotellos David. Oprea del Dumo di Firenze ordered the statue in 1501 after Michelangelo had come back from Rome. It took Michelangelo two and one half to three years to complete the David. The David was originally placed in front of Palazzo Vecchio, but in 1873, to protect it from the elements, a copy of the David was put outside of the Palazzo Vecchio to replace the real one which was put into the Accademia Gallery. David was the youngest of eight sons of Jesse. He was a shepherd that had saved his fathers sheep from a lion and a bear only using a sling and smooth stone. These were common weapons in those days. If you practiced long and hard enough, you could shoot one rock up to one hundred miles per hour and you could hit anything you wanted to, like a tree , a bird, or any animal you wanted . When David was about fifteen years old, he was sent by his father, Jesse, to go to the army with food and bring back tidings of the battle. While he was there, the Philistine champion Goliath [who was a giant from the town of Gath which was in Philistine territory] came out and challenged the Israelites to send their greatest warrior to fight him and whoever lost would become the victors slave, meaning that if Goliath won, the Israelites would become the Philistines, or vice versa. No one would challenge Goliath except for a young shepherd boy named David. David fought Goliath with only a sling and a stone. He later became one of the greatest kings of Israel of all time. Imagine what a difference from shepherd boy to king! Michelangelo was twenty-six years old when ...

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility to employees Assignment

What are the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility to employees and employing organizations - Assignment Example Human beings are the most important asset of any organization. They are equally important to any other component of an organization. The mishandling of this important asset could lead to disastrous situations.Thus HRM section of a company plays an important role in its development and survival of any company. The objectives of management are to use the HR in such a way that they could become most useful. It is the responsibility of HRM to chalk out such strategies that may be useful for employees as well as for organization.The main areas to focus should be; collective bargaining at enterprise level, flexibility in relation to various forms of employment as well as in relation to working time and job functions. Close look at heightened competition, rapid changes in products and processes and the increasing importance of skills, quality and productivity. These factors have also had an impact on HRM policies and practices. In managing change, the key elements include employee involveme nt in effecting change, greater customer orientation, and ensuring that the skills of employees are appropriate to the production of goods and the provision of services acceptable to the global market. As such, managing people in a way so as to motivate them to be productive is one important objective of HRM.While in academic institutions HRM scholars emphasize the strategic role of HRM and define a new role for managing the employment relationship including: new organizational designs, flexible work arrangements, and the development of social partnerships. A theoretical development, that involves the central doctrine of HRM, is the integration of strategic management, organizational reforms. All these strategies lead a prospering business achievements and utter satisfaction of the stakeholders. People work best when supported by the framework that effective management can provide. Managers of human resources in businesses today face a rapidly changing world regarding such issues as changing workforce demographics, diversity, labor shortages, balancing family and work, rapidly changing technology, global competition, growing education and training requirements, as well as equal employment concerns. In addition, stereotypes can be found to exist even among the least prejudiced people yet it is especially important that businesses not let those thoughts impair the ability to manage others effectively. All the above have a definite effect on human resource management. Staffing, training, and development comprise the primary human resource management functions. What is flexibility Flexibility can be defined as the quality of person, group of people or firm to respond to changes. Flexibility can be defined differently in an organization 's perspective. It may encompass few aspects of the organization. HRM is one of the important aspects of the organization that requires flexibility. Innovative and flexible human resource (HR) practices can boost performance and competitiveness of an organization. It has been found out by various researchers that flexibility is one of the most important factors of an organization that contributes to successful business management activities and innovation. Importance and advantages of Flexibility Flexibility is quite important and necessary for a dynamic organization. It provides variety of opportunities and reduces various constrain that could have been faced due to rigidity. Some of the major advantages highlighting the importance of flexibility in HRM are briefly described here

The Global Village Finally Arrives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Global Village Finally Arrives - Essay Example According to Lyer, the traditional metaphor for the changes globalization has made and is making to the world is that of a mosaic. The fragments that the world is composed of combine to make one big picture, and if you stand back to look at it from a good distance, it seems to be one image and those fragments are now part of a whole. As well as this, the mosaic itself is not static, and the fragments are constantly shifting this way and that to form new images. Using the mosaic as a metaphor illustrates how the lines of what constitutes national or country identity can begin to blur as cultures borrow heavily from one another. It also reinforces the idea that despite the love affair that many people have with all things American, it is definitely a give and take situation, where countries all over the world both give to and borrow from other cultures. â€Å"As fast as the world comes to America, America goes round the world†. (170) Globalization is driven by people – â€Å"defined†¦by an international youth culture that takes its cues from American pop culture.† (170) This may be true, but it is an America that is increasingly diverse, with the multitude of cultures in the country constantly borrowing ideas from each other, and from the world. Even as teens in Asia and Europe are wearing Levis jeans and watching American TV, Americans are eating sushi and watching Japanese anime cartoons. The America that sets the style for so many other countries is and always has been a melting pot for a host of different cultures and perhaps it is this that drives globalization now. American culture as a whole is surprisingly rich simply because it is a mix of so many different cultures. Interestingly, while globalization maybe more widespread than ever before, as Lyer points out, it is not a new thing. Cultural diversity has always existed, in Biblical times and before. Modern technology, however, has made a very significant contribution to the spread of globalization - in the age of phone, fax, internet, satellite television and rapid transit nothing is very far away anymore. As countries all over the world become increasingly modernized, they beam information all over the world, so that "the news is in Mandarin; today's baseball game is being broadcast in Korean". (169) Lyer's essay points out in no uncertain terms that globalization is a two-way street. The fascination of other countries with America has certainly been one of the driving forces. However, it is just as certain that America has always been a multi-cultural society, and borrows just as heavily from other cultures and nations as they do from

E-Commerce Analysis: Online Ticket Purchasing

E-Commerce Analysis: Online Ticket Purchasing CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the research study. It starts by providing an overview of Electronic Commerce, customer satisfaction and service quality, followed by an outline of the current situation concerning â€Å"Online Ticket Purchasing† in Kuwait. The problem of the study is then defined, highlighting the research the study seeks to investigate and its significance alongside the research objectives, questions and methodology used to achieve these desired objectives. The research limitations are then explored and the chapter concludes with an outline of the thesis structure. 1.2 OVERVIEW Unprecedented advances in Information Technology in recent decades, alongside evolving business environments have seen the emergence of Electronic Commerce (E-commerce) as a major economic force. With the increasing number of Internet users and rapid development of network technologies, e-commerce is perceived as an essential application of the computer and communication technologies (Manvi and Venkataram, 2005 cited by Zhang and Tang, 2006). As observed by Gunasekaran and Ngai (2005) e-commerce enhances communication channels and provides a virtual interactive environment where the suppliers and customers can exchange information and products. Moreover, it improves the communications between partners along the value chain and offers an integrated business model by which companies can be more responsive and flexible to the changing markets and customers requirements (Zhang and Tang, 2006). E- commerce therefore replaces or enhances the traditional market channels by opening web-based storefronts, which is known as â€Å"business to customer e-commerce†. Firms present their products and services on the web and generate revenue from the sales of those products and services to their customers (Molla and Licker, 2001). According to Khalifa and Liu (2003) there has been considerable growth of internet based services, both from internet businesses and from traditional companies developing online services. The technology of e-commerce identifies what can be offered to customers, but only customers determine which of those technologies will be accepted (Lin, 2003). As Jamal (2004) has argued, in the last forty years the issue of customer satisfaction has been one of the most important theoretical as well as practical issues for most marketers and customer research. Satisfaction is significant in the success or failure of any business depending on the performance of the perceived service, if the perceived performance is less than customer expectation the customer will be dissatisfied; whereas, if the perceived performance exceeds their expectations then customers will be satisfied. Many researchers agree satisfaction is an attitude or evaluation that is formed by the customer comparing their pre-purchase expectations of what they would receive from the product to their subjective perceptions of the performance they actually experience (Oliver, 1980). Numerous studies on service quality and customer satisfaction present service quality and customer satisfaction as conceptually distinct, but closely related constructs. Satisfaction is defined as the degree of discrepancy between customers normative expectations for the service and their perception of the service performance (Parasuraman et al., 1994; Dabholkar, 1996). Different researchers such as Gronroos (1983) and Parasuraman et al. (1985) have tried to identify features of service more related to quality assessments. The most common measure reveals ten dimensions of service quality: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competence, courtesy, understanding the customer and access. These were then filtered to 5 dimensions and based on these 5 items a measurement tool for service quality was devised known as SERVQUAL (PUT SOURCE HERE!!!). While Yang (2001) highlighted the rapid growth of online retailing with broadening experiences of consumers online shopping, Santos (2003) believes that e-service quality can increase attractiveness, hit rate, customer retention, stickiness and positive word of mouth. It can also maximize competitive advantages of e-commerce. Numerous researchers have the discussed the dimensions of e-service quality including Cox and Dale (2001), Madu and Madu (2002), Parasuraman (2002), Yang et al. (2003), Parasuraman et al. (2004) and Lee and Lin (2005), yet online retailers appear to fail due to poor quality services provided to their customers. For that reason online service quality is significant for two reasons: (1) it influences customers satisfactions and intentions to shop online and (2) e-service quality plays a major role in attracting potential customers (Cai and Jun, 2003). Zeithaml (2002) points out online companies should focus on all elements of e-service quality before, during and a fter the transaction, as e-service quality is the extent to which a website facilitates efficient and effective shopping, purchase and delivery. 1.2.1 E-Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a critical element in the success or failure of any business. Web customer satisfaction has been emphasized as crucial by the rising demand for long-term profitability of dotcom companies and traditional companies that are â€Å"Net enhanced† (Pather, Erwin and Remenyi, 2002). An understanding of the factors that influence web customer satisfaction is vital for e-commerce. Satisfaction is a result of an effective evaluation, where some comparison standard is compared to the actually perceived performance. If the perceived performance is less than expected, customers will be dissatisfied. In contrast, if the perceived performance exceeds expectations, customer will be satisfied (Lin, 2003). A broad idea of traditional service quality might not be enough to build the e-service quality dimension, hence amending several variables is important. Santos (2003) discussed the e-service quality dimensions of, ease of use, web-appearance, linkage, structure and layout, content as the incubative dimensions; reliability, efficiency, support, communication, security, and incentive as active dimensions. This paper focuses on achieving a measurement of the service quality of the Jazeera Airways Website as perceived by their passengers, using a conceptual model of e-service quality developed by Santos (2003). 1.3 ONLINE TICKETING Electronic ticketing over the Internet facilitates the buying or reservation of tickets online, by making the process more easily accessible and convenient. Through these services tickets may be purchased from any location and at any time, provided an Internet connection exists. The tickets are ordered from a web site that provides both ticket information and the purchasing or reservation service. Internet booking or online ticketing concentrates on providing a helpful and efficient service to clients. Firms who sell travel tickets, performing arts, game tickets, concerts, movies and many other activities have notably embraced the online ticketing system according to Burford (1998). Convenience is a main advantage of buying tickets via the internet as the service is available at any geographical location, including ones home via laptop and cellular phone and at any time or day. Electronic ticket services have a further advantage by providing relevant information along with the service. This can help purchasing decisions and may encourage future usage (Burford, 1998). Another feature is that apart from maintenance and data updates, no manpower is necessary to offer the service once it has been established. The process of recording the transactions is more automated and overheads are reduced. An essential point is that ticket providers while providing a convenient service are thereby improving their public image and encouraging return customers (Burford, 1998). A number of countries across the globe are already benefiting from electronic ticketing including the U.S.A., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain and France. In fact the U.S.A. it has 80% market p enetration, while in Europe it is approximately 40% and in the U.S.A. more than $350 million dollars in event tickets were sold online during 2000 increasing to $3.9 billion in 2004 (Bhatia, 2004). 1.3.1 Online Services and E-Ticketing in Kuwait The internet is a technology with many properties with the potential to transform the competitive landscape in many industries while at the same time creating completely new industries (Afuah and Tucci, 2003). The revolution of the internet continues to excel leading to rapid changes in many fields, at an overwhelming speed. In Kuwait, prior to 1990 internet usage was limited to electronic mail and minor services, however in 1992 a decision was made by the Ministry of Communication to facilitate the public data network. In the same year the National Science Foundation agreed to extend the Internet to Kuwait at a time when it was only available for US institutions and some selected institutions overseas. In recent years with the support of the Kuwaiti government for IT plans, practical steps have been taken in this field with the possibility of payment for mobiles and traffic tickets via the internet and the sale of online airlines tickets for the first time. These advances indicate the growth and development in the IT field in Kuwait as a whole. In 1943, the oil boom opened a new chapter in the modern history of Kuwait as The Kuwait Oil Company Limited (KOC) was founded. By 1947-1948 KOC developed the new Al-Nugra (Al-Mayass) Airport, located in the Nuzha district, operating in daylight only, with airlines opening offices in Kuwait City to handle ticketing and cargo operations for the Arab expatriate community. By 1954, the Kuwaiti National Airlines Company celebrated the arrival of the first airplane, which was called â€Å"Kazma† (http://www.da.gov.kw). The worldwide revolution of low-cost carriers (LCCs) started successfully with Pacific Southwest Airlinesin the United States, which pioneered the concept in 1949. Notable successes which have followed are Irelands Ryanair, which began low-fares operations in 1990, and EasyJet, formed in 1995. These low cost carriers then developed in Asia and Oceania from 2000 led by operators such as Malaysias AirAsia, Indias Air Deccanand Australias Virgin Blue. The low-cost carrier model is applicable worldwide, although deregulated markets are most suited for its rapid spread. In 2006, new LCCs were announced in Saudi Arabia and Mexico (http://www.absoluteastronomy.com). On September 12, 2005 Jazeera Airways owned by Marwan Boodai, Chairman and CEO, announced its first flights were open for booking. Jazeera Airways is the first privately owned airline in the Middle East, established in Kuwait. It offers passengers ticketless flights to Dubai, Lebanon, Damascus, Amman and Bahrain via the web, by phone, SMS or through travel agents (www.jazeeraairways.com). Breaking away from out-dated business models by developing a new model tasked with raising operational efficiency requires incorporating the latest revenue management procedures into the company and installing state-of-the-art technologies. This will ultimately enable travelers to become more independent in their bookings and payment. With tickets sold through a website as the main distribution channel, online booking is a very efficient distribution method for airlines. It reduces the number of back office staff and reduces the payment cycle. Jazeera Airways has worked hard to entice travelers to book through its website by making it the cheapest method to purchase tickets. Many promotional offers made by the company are available only to travelers who book online, therefore Jazeera Airways strategy is rewarding travelers who book online (www.jazerraairways.com) 1.4 PROBLEM DEFINITION Understanding customers requirements is vital to any business enterprise in order for it to remain competitive. Customer satisfaction is of great interest since it has a direct effect on customer retention, loyalty and the prospect of new customers. Retention is a major challenge, as customers can easily switch from one service provider to another considering the internet can facilitate easy access to a wide variety of choices with lesser cost. Acquiring new customers may involve significant cost on the part of the company in terms of marketing, advertising and promotion. Hence it is important to understand the determinants of customer satisfaction and assess the current experience of the customer in order to improve services. Customer satisfaction is a major issue of Jazeera Airways and good online service quality is a key factor that will determine in the long term, whether it will succeed or fail in retaining existing customers and attracting new ones. Due to rapid technological advancements in the marketplace Jazeera Airways maintains a close relationship with their customers, as their expectations and perceptions of online service quality may change. This research will therefore be conducted on Jazeera Airways, the first low cost airline in Kuwait. Jazeera Airways offers online ticketing in its website as the main distribution channel. Therefore it is important to take into account the quality of its website and to pay more attention to customer evaluation of the service given. Customers want to make their own bookings in their own time without depending on middlemen; as a result it is necessary that online service quality determinants lead to satisfaction. Dissatisfied travelers may perceive one of the following: Web sites do not seem to have many of the very basic features that experts consider important in forming relationship with customers. Service providers undervalue the attributes that customers use to judge service quality that should be monitored and enhanced to help the service performance. There are other variables of the online service quality that affect the overall travelers satisfaction. Therefore this research aims to address such problematic issues by researching the relevant factors including current opinion of the airline users. 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES As this research study aims to examine the customer satisfaction of the service of Jazeera Airways in online ticketing through the quality delivered through its website, its main objectives are as follows: To assess the perception of each service of Jazeeras e-service Quality dimensions. To evaluate consumer satisfaction towards e-service quality for online service quality within Jazeera. To determine the important dimensions leading to satisfaction when purchasing online tickets within Jazeera. 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to fulfill the objectives of this study, the following questions need to be addressed: What key incubative dimensions do online customers perceive as important for their e-service quality? What key active dimensions do online customers perceive as important for their e-service quality? What are the most influential online service quality dimensions of the website as perceived by respondents with a high level of customers satisfaction in the Jazeera Airways website? What are the most influential online service quality dimensions of Jazeera Airways contributing to customer satisfaction when examining the Jazeera Airways website? Are the different socio-demographic variables involved perceiving e-service quality and satisfaction in the same way or differently? 1.7 Research Methodology This research is considered deductive, quantitative, descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory to some extent type of study. The research follows the survey strategy approach and consists of 67 questions composed of a two page questionnaire distributed to the target sample in Kuwait. Data was collected using Arabic and English questionnaires, from a sample size of X passengers who booked online through Jazeeras website. The questionnaire consists of four sections (A, B, C, D). Section A solicits demographic information. Section B evaluates Jazeeras Airways e-service quality using an adapted Santos (2003) model. Section C measures the level of customer satisfaction. Statements of Section B and C are scaled using a Likert type scale from 1 to 5. Section D collects information added by customers that will add value to the research. 1.8 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Throughout this research conducted in Kuwait regarding Jazeera Airways website service quality a number of limitations were noted as follows: The thesis investigates the customer satisfaction of Jazeeras Airways website service quality and does not include the companys perspective/point of view; therefore the study is limited in its scope to customers and not employees or managers. The study does not include product quality, price, situational factors, personal factors, and other services provided by Jazeera Airways. Using a quantitative approach only towards addressing the research problems, a qualitative approach is lacking. The research scope is limited as it assesses Jazeera online service â€Å"e-ticketing† excluding airport customer services such as check in, luggage, lounge and on board services. There is limited relevant literature concerning service quality in the airline industry in Kuwait and the region, therefore there are no previous findings or frameworks to consult. 1.9 THESIS STRUCTURE This study is composed of five main chapters. Chapter One presents the background details of the selected research area and the experience in Kuwait, followed by the problem definition, the research objectives and questions, the methodology, the studys limitations and the thesis structure. Chapter Two discusses related theories, concepts and models providing a comprehensive review and an insight into the subject area as a whole, followed by an explanation of the research to the country of Kuwait. Chapter Three describes the methodology, research design and techniques used in the collection and analysis of the data. Chapter Four presents the gathered data, their interpretation and analysis. Chapter Five looks at the findings, assessing whether they satisfy the research questions and objectives to draw conclusions from the results. Based on these conclusions, recommendations for management are provided with further suggestions for future research. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter a comprehensive review of available related literature is made concerning website service quality and customer satisfaction. In the process various concepts, models and theories covering customer satisfaction, determinants of customer satisfaction, the relationship between online service quality and satisfaction and online service quality dimensions are presented and explored to give the study a wide ranging theoretical basis. In addition the relevance of the research to the country of Kuwait is also addressed. 2.2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 2.2.1 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Oliver (1980) explains satisfaction as the summary of a psychological state resulting when the emotion surrounding disconfirmed expectations is coupled with a consumers prior feelings about the consumer experience. In other words, satisfaction is an attitude or appraisal that is created by the customer comparing their pre-purchase expectations of what they would receive from the product or service to their subjective perceptions of the performance they actually did receive. Customer satisfaction has become a key intermediary objective in service operations, because of the benefits it conveys to organizations (Ranaweera and Prabhu, 2003). The importance of customer satisfaction results from the generally accepted philosophy that for a business to be successful and profitable, it must satisfy customers (Shin and Elliott, 2001). While many authors have described satisfaction using various definitions, Table 2.1 presents a few notable explanations of customer satisfaction. Table 2.1 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Definition Author Customer satisfaction is a collective outcome of perception, evaluation and psychological reactions to the consumption experience with a product/service. Yi (1990) Satisfaction is function of consumers belief that he or she was treated fairly. Hunt (1991) Satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectation. Kotler et al. (2000) Source: Research based From the above table we understand that satisfaction is the consumers evaluation of the product and service that meet their needs and expectations. According to Parker and Mathews (2001) there are two main interpretations of satisfaction; satisfaction as a process and satisfaction as an outcome. Whereas Gustafsson (2005) argues satisfaction has a strong positive effect on customer loyalty intentions across a wide range of product and service categories. 2.2.2 Determinants of Customer Satisfaction Zeithaml et al. (2005) argued that satisfaction, as shown in 2.1, is influenced by service quality perception, product quality, and price as well as situational and personal factors. Economists differentiate between two categories of properties of consumer products; search qualities and experience qualities. With search qualities consumers determine before purchasing a product like color, style, price, fit, feel, hardness and smell. Experience qualities, are hard to determine; as a result it can be evaluated after the purchase and until the service is received like vacations and restaurant meals (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Keaveney (1995)ppp.jpg point out that a main reason leading to customers switching services is price, as customers, based on prior experience with the service provider, sometimes felt cheated and believed that price increases were unfair or even deceptive. According to (Zeithaml et al., 2005) comparing the price relative to value and state, research reveals that customers of services will make trade-offs among different service features such as price level versus quality. A number of customers, for example, view price as an important element for their satisfaction more than quality. Perceived service quality is only one factor of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Consequently to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction, most researchers suggest that a high level of service quality should be delivered by the service provider as service quality is normally considered an antecedent of customer satisfaction (Cronin et al. 2000). Zeithaml et al. (2005) described a consumers emotional state as a personal factor. Satisfaction will vary due to customers biographical characteristics such as age, gender, education, ethnicity and income (Gilbert and Veloutsou, 2006;Van Pham and Simpson, 2006). Customers take partial responsibility for outcomes and describe those negative feelings that influence how a consumer responds to services, causing a person to overreact negatively to the slightest problem (Zeithaml et al., 2005). Situational factors can notably influence purchase decisions such as social environment, physical environment of the purchase place, time influence and the previous states (Vysekalovà ¡, 2004; Nagyovà ¡, 2001). 2.3 The Evidence of Service (3Ps) Services are intangible; therefore customers are searching for evidence of service in every interaction they have with the organization. The three major factors of service experienced by customers are: people, process, and physical evidence. Together these elements are considered as an evidence of the service. Each evidence or subset is present in each service 2.2. Firms should essentially manage the service quality that will lead to satisfying their customers (Bitner, 1993). 2.4 SERVICE QUALITY Numerous researchers have defined service quality their own ways, including Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994) who described service quality as the consumers overall impression of the relative inferiority / superiority of the organization and its services. Perceived service quality is only one component of customer satisfaction (Zeithaml et al., 2005). According to Parasuraman et al. (1994) service quality is defined as, the degree of discrepancy between customers normative expectations for the service and their perception of the service performance. Gronroos (1982) stated that total service quality is customers perception of difference between expected service and perceived service. Afterward in 1984, he then explained service quality of the service encounter as two different dimensions: one is technical or output quality and the other functional or process quality. Therefore, service quality has become a well-liked area of academic investigation, recognized as a major factor in differentiating service products and gaining competitive advantage (Zeithaml et al., 1996). Table 2.2 presents the concept of service quality from varied authors viewpoints who combined suggest we can understand that meeting the need and requirements and achieving customers expectations depends on delivering the best level of service quality. Notably with time, service quality takes place before and leads to overall customer satisfaction Table 2.2 Definition of Customer Satisfaction Definition Author Service quality as the subjective comparison that customers make between the quality of the service that they want to receive and what they actually get. Gefan (2002) Service quality can be defined as â€Å"the difference between customers expectations for service performance prior to the service encounter and their perceptions of the service received†. Asubonteng et al. (1996) Service quality is determined by the differences between customers expectations of services providers performance and their evaluation of the services they received. Parasuraman et al. (1985,1988) Source: Research based Gilbert and Veloutsou (2006) determined different approaches to measure customer satisfaction, varying between measuring expectations relative to perception or measuring the performance aspect only, without relating it to the desired level of service. Service quality has been found to be an important input to customers satisfaction (Caruana, 2002). 2.4.2 Dimensions of Service Quality Service quality has been the focus of increased study in recent years as many researchers have tried to reveal features of services that significantly relate to quality evaluation in traditional service environments. In 2001 Brady and Cronin presented a model consisting of interaction quality, physical environment quality, and outcome quality. These dimensions draw on, among others, the work of Gronroos (1982) and Rust and Oliver (1994) who suggest that exploring both what is delivered (Gronroos technical quality) and how it is delivered (Gronroos functional quality) are important aspects of service quality. Table 2.3 Dimensions of Service Quality Quality Requirement Description Reliability Reliability Consistency of service/ dependability, i.e. the ability to provide the service on time, accurately and dependably Responsiveness Responsiveness Willingness/readiness of employees, i.e. the ability to deal effectively with complaints and promptness of services Assurance Credibility The extent to which the service is believed and trusted; involves honesty, trustworthiness and believability Courtesy The politeness, respect, consideration and friendliness shown to the customers by the contact personnel Security The freedom from danger, risk and doubt Competence The possession of staff of the necessary skill, knowledge and information to perform the service effectively Empathy Access The ease of approachability and contact Communication Listening to customer and keeping them informed about the service Understanding the customer Trying to understand the customers needs and specific requirements Tangibles Tangibles Appearance of personnel and condition of equipment Source: Parasuraman et al. (1985); Ghobadian et al. (1994); Curry and Herbert (1998) A most widely used and accepted study done on service quality is by Parasuraman et al. (1985). Having developed ten dimensions through focus group studies: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competence, courtesy, understanding the customer, and access. These ten dimensions were then filtered and extracted to five: tangibles, reliability, responsibility, assurance, and empathy, which constitute the basis of a global measurement for service quality, SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988). Based on these five dimensions researchers presented a 22-item service quality scale and on an operational level service quality research has been dominated by the SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Curry and Herbert, 1998). Table 2.3 presents a description of the service quality dimensions. 2.4.3 Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality Service quality has been found to be an important input to customer satisfaction (Caruana and Malta, 2002). Cronin and Taylor (1992) examined the causal relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and purchase intention. The results suggested that service quality was an antecedent of consumer satisfaction, service quality had less effect on purchase intentions than did consumer satisfaction, and consumer satisfaction had a significant effect on purchase intentions. Customer satisfaction had a stronger effect on behavioral intentions than service quality did (Dabholkar et al., 2000). As a process in time, service quality takes place before, and leads to overall customer satisfaction. Customers loyalty was affected by product quality, service quality, and retailer image. They also suggested that quality of product and service is directly related to customer satisfaction, and then leads to the loyalty of the customer (Cà ¶ner and Gà ¼ngà ¶r, 2002). Based on empirica l findings in service quality and satisfaction literature, service quality is one of the antecedents of satisfaction (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993; Cronin and Taylor, 1992), and loyalty is one of the consequences of satisfaction. Luarn and Lin (2004) indicated that not only customer satisfaction and perceived value directly affected customer loyalty, but also indirectly affected customer loyalty through commitment. 2.5 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SERVING CUSTOMERS According to Parasuraman (2000), delivering excellent customer service is vital in case customers have to serve themselves by technology-based systems. With quick penetration of technology-based customer-company interfaces such as online banking and e-commerce, employee-delivered service is being replaced by self-service, reducing the need for face-to-face encounters between customers and company personnel. However, this fundamental shift does not mean that companies can afford to ignore customer service. Development of self-service technologies need to emphasize customer service to ensure the customer-technology interface is user-friendly, putting in place an excellent customer-service infrastructure (including properly tr